Kuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji uye chiridzwa idzidziso uye tekinoroji inodzidza kutora uye kugadzirisa ruzivo uye kutonga kwezvinhu zvine hukama."Kuyera uye kudzora tekinoroji uye zviridzwa" zvinoreva nzira uye midziyo yekuunganidza ruzivo, kuyerwa, chengetedzo, kutapurirana, kugadzirisa uye kutonga, kusanganisira yekuyera tekinoroji, kutonga tekinoroji, uye zviridzwa uye masisitimu anoshandisa aya matekinoroji.
Kuyera uye Kudzora Tekinoroji
Kuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji uye zviridzwa zvakavakirwa pamichina chaiyo, tekinoroji yemagetsi, optics, otomatiki kutonga uye tekinoroji yekombuta.Iyo inonyanya kudzidza misimboti mitsva, nzira uye maitiro eakasiyana-siyana ekuyedza uye kutonga matekinoroji.Mumakore achangopfuura, tekinoroji yemakomputa yakaita basa rinowedzera kukosha mukutsvaga kwekushandisa kwekuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji.
Kuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji tekinoroji yekushandisa iyo inoshandiswa zvakananga mukugadzira uye hupenyu, uye mashandisirwo ayo anovhara akasiyana siyana ehupenyu hwemagariro se "huremu hwekurima, gungwa, nyika nemhepo, chikafu uye zvipfeko".Instrumentation tekinoroji ndiyo "inowedzera" yehupfumi hwenyika, "mukuru wekutanga" wekutsvagisa kwesainzi, "simba rekurwa" muchiuto, uye "mutongi ane zvinhu" mumitemo yemutemo.Komputa yekuyedza uye kutonga tekinoroji uye hungwaru uye chaihwo kuyerwa uye kudzora zviridzwa uye masisitimu zviratidzo zvakakosha uye nzira muminda yemazuva ano maindasitiri nekugadzirwa kwekurima, tsvakiridzo yesainzi uye tekinoroji, manejimendi, kuongorora uye kuongorora, uye vari kutamba basa rinowedzera kukosha.
Kushandiswa kweKuyera uye Kudzora Tekinoroji uye Instrumentation Tekinoroji
Kuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji tekinoroji yakashandiswa, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzeindasitiri, zvekurima, zvekufambisa, kufambisa, ndege, mauto, simba remagetsi uye hupenyu hweveruzhinji.Nekuvandudza tekinoroji yekugadzira, kuyerwa uye kutonga tekinoroji inoita basa rakakosha mukudzora tekinoroji kubva pakudzora kwekutanga kweimwe chete nemidziyo yayo, kusvika pakutonga kwese maitiro, uye kunyangwe sisitimu, kunyanya muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwekucheka-kumucheto. mumunda wesainzi yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji.
Muindasitiri yemetallurgical, kushandiswa kwekuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji kunosanganisira: hot blast furnace control, kuchaja kutonga uye blast furnace control mukuita ironmaking process, pressure control, rolling mill speed control, coil control, etc. zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuona zviridzwa zvinoshandiswa imomo.
Muindasitiri yemagetsi emagetsi, kushandiswa kwekuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji kunosanganisira iyo yekupisa yekudzora system yebhailer, iyo otomatiki yekutarisa, otomatiki kudzivirira, otomatiki kugadzirisa uye otomatiki chirongwa chekudzora system yeiyo steam turbine, uye simba rekuisa uye kubuda kudzora system. injini.
Muindasitiri yemarasha, kushandiswa kwekuyerwa nekudzora tekinoroji kunosanganisira: coalbed methane matanda ekuchera mugodhi wemarasha, mugodhi wemhepo yekuona chiridzwa, mugodhi gasi detector, pasi pevhu kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa system, nezvimwewo, coke quenching process control uye gasi kudzoreredza kudzora mukati. marasha ekunatsa maitiro, kunatsa maitiro ekudzora, kugadzira muchina kutapurirana kudzora, nezvimwe.
Muindasitiri yepetroleum, kushandiswa kwekuyerwa nekudzora tekinoroji kunosanganisira: magineti, mita yemukati memvura, gauji yekuyeresa uye zvimwe midziyo yekuyeresa inotsigira tekinoroji yekutema matanda mukugadzirwa kweoiri, hurongwa hwekugovera magetsi, hurongwa hwekupa mvura, dhizaini yekugovera, gasi rekupa system. , Kuchengetedza uye hurongwa hwekufambisa uye matatu emarara ekugadzirisa marara uye zvishandiso zvekuona zvenhamba yakawanda yemaparamita mukuenderera mberi kwekugadzira.
Muindasitiri yemakemikari, kushandisa kuyerwa nekudzora tekinoroji kunosanganisira: kuyerwa kwetembiricha, kuyerwa kwekuyerera, kuyerwa kwechiyero chemvura, kusungirira, acidity, humidity, density, turbidity, calorific kukosha uye akasiyana akasanganiswa gasi zvikamu.Kudzora zviridzwa zvinogara zvichidzora zvinodzorwa paramita, nezvimwe.
Muindasitiri yemakina, kushandiswa kwekuyerwa nekudzora tekinoroji kunosanganisira: chaiyo yedhijitari yekudzora muchina maturusi, otomatiki mitsara yekugadzira, marobhoti emaindasitiri, nezvimwe.
Muindasitiri yezvemuchadenga, kushandiswa kwekuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji kunosanganisira: kuyerwa kwezviyero zvakaita senge ndege yekubhururuka, kumhanya kwendege, mamiriro endege negwara, kukurumidza, kuremerwa, uye injini mamiriro, tekinoroji yemotokari yemuchadenga, tekinoroji yemuchadenga, uye kuyerwa kwemuchadenga. uye kudzora tekinoroji.Mira.
Mumidziyo yemauto, kushandiswa kwekuyerwa nekudzora tekinoroji kunosanganisira: chaiyo-inotungamirwa zvombo, yakangwara pfuti, mauto otomatiki command system (C4IRS system), zvekunze zvechiuto zvechiuto (sezvakasiyana siyana kucherechedzwa kwemauto, kutaurirana, yambiro yekutanga, satelliti yekufamba, nezvimwe, nezvimwe. .).
Kugadzira uye Kuvandudza Kuyera uye Kudzora Tekinoroji
Chokwadi chenhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji Nhoroondo yekunzwisisa kwevanhu uye shanduko yezvisikwa zvakare chikamu chakakosha chenhoroondo yebudiriro yevanhu.Kuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji kunotanga kunoenderana nekuvandudzwa kwekuyera tekinoroji.Sayenzi yemazuva ano yemusikirwo inotanga nokuyera mupfungwa yechokwadi.Masayendisiti mazhinji akatanhamara anoshuva kuva vagadziri vezviridzwa zvesainzi uye vavambi vemitoo yokuyera.Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yekuyera kunotungamira zvakananga kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji.
Kuchinja kwekutanga kwetekinoroji
Muzana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18, tekinoroji yokuyera nekudzora yakanga yava kutanga kubuda.Dzimwe nyanzvi dzefizikisi muEurope dzakatanga kushandisa simba rezvino uye remagineti kugadzira galvanometers nyore, uye kushandisa optical lenzi kugadzira teresikopu, nokudaro vachiisa hwaro hwemagetsi uye optical zviridzwa.Muma1760, shanduko yekutanga yesainzi uye tekinoroji yakatanga muUnited Kingdom.Kusvika muzana ramakore rechi 19, shanduko yekutanga yesainzi uye tekinoroji yakawedzera kusvika kuEurope, America, neJapan.Munguva iyi, zvimwe zviri nyore zvekuyera zviridzwa, sezviridzwa zvekuyera kureba, tembiricha, kudzvanywa, nezvimwewo, zvakashandiswa.Muhupenyu, kubereka kukuru kwakagadzirwa.
Yechipiri shanduko yehunyanzvi
Kutevedzana kwezviitiko mumunda wemagetsi emagetsi mukutanga kwezana ramakore re19 zvakakonzera shanduko yechipiri yetekinoroji.Nemhaka yekugadzirwa kwechiridzwa chekuyera chiripo, magineti emagetsi akakurumidza kuiswa pagwara chairo, uye kuwanikwa kumwe pashure peimwe kwakakura.Zvakawanda zvigadzirwa mumunda we electromagnetism, senge telegraph, runhare, jenareta, nezvimwe, zvakabatsira pakusvika kwezera remagetsi.Panguva imwecheteyo, zvimwe zviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuyera nekutarisa zviri kubuda zvakare, senge chaiyo yekutanga-kirasi theodolite inoshandiswa pakuyera kukwirira pamberi 1891.
Yechitatu tekinoroji shanduko
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro munyika dzakasiyana kwakasimudzira shanduko yetekinoroji yekugadzira kubva kune general mechanization kuenda kumagetsi uye otomatiki, uye nhevedzano yebudiriro huru mukutsvagisa kwesainzi theoretical yakaitwa.
Munguva iyi, indasitiri yekugadzira inomiririrwa nemagetsi zvigadzirwa zvakatanga kukura mumaindasitiri.Hunhu hwekugadzirwa kwakawanda kwezvigadzirwa ndeye cyclic mashandiro uye kuyerera mashandiro.Kuti uite izvi otomatiki, zvinodikanwa kuti uone otomatiki chinzvimbo chebasa panguva yekubvisa nhanho yekugadzirisa nekugadzira., saizi, chimiro, chimiro kana kuita, nezvimwe. Kuti izvi zviitike, nhamba huru yekuyera uye yekudzora michina inodiwa.Kune rimwe divi, kusimuka kweindasitiri yemakemikari nepetroleum seyakabikwa inoda huwandu hukuru hwekuyera uye kutonga zviridzwa.Automated instrumentation yakatanga kugadzirwa, uye otomatiki yekudzora sisitimu yakaumbwa painodiwa.Panguva imwecheteyo, CNC muchina maturusi uye robhoti tekinoroji zvakazvarwawo panguva ino, umo kuyerwa uye kutonga tekinoroji uye zviridzwa zvine zvakakosha maapplication.
Nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, chiridzwa chave chishandiso chakakosha chetekinoroji yekuyera, kutonga uye otomatiki, kutanga kubva pachiyero chakareruka nekutarisa.Kuti zvizadzise zvinodikanwa zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, chiridzwa chakawedzera kubva kuminda yekunyorera yechinyakare kuenda kune isiri yechinyakare minda yekushandisa senge biomedicine, ecological environment, uye bioengineering.
Kubva muzana ramakore rechi21, huwandu hukuru hwezvazvinoitwa tekinoroji, senge nano-scale precision muchina mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa, molecular-level yemazuva ano makemikari ekutsvagisa mhinduro, gene-level biological research mhedzisiro, uye yakakwirira-chaiyo yekupedzisira-inoshanda yakakosha zvinhu zvekutsvaga. mhedzisiro uye yepasi rose Migumisiro yekuzivikanwa uye kushandiswa kwetiweki tekinoroji yakabuda imwe mushure meimwe, inova shanduko yakakosha mumunda wezviridzwa uye inokurudzira kuuya kwenguva nyowani yemhando yepamusoro uye yakangwara zviridzwa.
Sensors muchiyero uye kutonga masisitimu
Iyo yakajairika kuyerwa uye yekudzora sisitimu ine masensor, epakati anoshandura uye anoratidza marekodhi.Iyo sensor inoona uye inoshandura iyo yakayerwa huwandu hwemuviri kuita hwakayerwa huwandu hwemuviri.Iyo yepakati inoshandura inoongorora, inogadzirisa uye inoshandura kubuda kweiyo sensor kuita chiratidzo chinogona kugamuchirwa nechiridzwa chinotevera, uye inoburitsa kune mamwe masisitimu, kana kuyerwa nerekodhi rekodhi.Migumisiro inoratidzwa uye inorekodhwa.
Iyo sensor ndiyo yekutanga yekubatanidza yekuyera system.Kune iyo control system, kana komputa ichifananidzwa nehuropi, ipapo sensor yakaenzana neshanu pfungwa, iyo inobata zvakananga kutonga kwekutonga kwehurongwa.
Iyo sensor inowanzo umbwa nezvinhu zvinonzwisisika, mafaera ekushandura, uye maseketi ekushandura.Kukosha kwakayerwa kunonzwikwa zvakananga nechinhu chinonzwisisika, uye shanduko yeimwe parameter kukosha kwayo pachayo ine hukama hwakasimba nekuchinja kweyero yakayerwa, uye iyi parameter iri nyore kuyera uye kubuda;ipapo kubuda kwechinhu chakashata kunoshandurwa kuita magetsi parameter nechinhu chekushandura;Pakupedzisira, dunhu rekushandura rinowedzera maparamendi emagetsi anobuda nechinhu chekushandura uye anoashandura kuita masaini anobatsira emagetsi ari nyore kuratidzwa, kurekodha, kugadzirisa uye kutonga.
Ikozvino Mamiriro uye Kukudziridzwa kweNew Sensors
Sensing tekinoroji ndeimwe yeanokurumidza kusimudzira epamusoro-tekinoroji munyika nhasi.Iyo sensor nyowani haingoteedzere yakanyanya kurongeka, hukuru hukuru, kuvimbika kwepamusoro uye kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa, asi zvakare inokura yakanangana nekubatanidzwa, miniaturization, digitization uye hungwaru.
1. Akangwara
Hungwaru hweiyo sensor inoreva kusanganiswa kwemabasa eakajairwa sensors uye mabasa emakomputa kana zvimwe zvikamu kuti zvigadzire musangano wakazvimirira, usingangoite mabasa ekutora ruzivo uye kutendeuka kwechiratidzo, asi zvakare ine kugona kwekugadzirisa data. , kuongororwa kwemuripo uye kuita sarudzo.
2. Networking
Iyo network ye sensor ndeyekuita kuti sensor ive nebasa rekubatanidza netiweki yekombuta, kuona iyo kureba kwekufambisa ruzivo uye kugona kugadzirisa, ndiko kuti, kuona iyo "pamusoro-the-horizon" kuyerwa kwechiyero. uye control system.
3. Miniaturization
Iyo miniaturization kukosha kweiyo sensor inoderedza zvakanyanya kuwanda kweiyo sensor pasi pemamiriro ekuti basa harina kuchinjika kana kuwedzeredzwa.Miniaturization ndiyo inodiwa yemazuva ano chaiyo kuyerwa uye kutonga.Mumusimboti, iyo diki saizi ye sensor, iyo diki kukanganisa pachinhu chakayerwa uye nharaunda, kushoma kwekushandisa kwesimba, uye zviri nyore kuwana kuyerwa kwakaringana.
4. Kubatanidzwa
Iko kubatanidzwa kwema sensors kunoreva kubatanidzwa kweanotevera nzira mbiri:
(1) Kubatanidzwa kwezviyero zvakawanda zvinogona kuyera ma parameter akawanda.
(2) Kubatanidzwa kwekunzwa uye matunhu anotevera, ndiko kuti, kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvinonzwisisika, zvikamu zvekushandura, kushandura matunhu uye kunyange magetsi emagetsi pane imwechete chip, kuitira kuti ive nekushanda kwepamusoro.
5. Digitization
Iko kukosha kwedhijitari ye sensor ndeyokuti ruzivo rwunobuda ne sensor huwandu hwedhijitari, iyo inogona kuona kureba uye yakakwirira-chaiyo kutapurirana, uye inogona kubatanidzwa nedhijitari yekugadzira michina senge komputa isina epakati zvinongedzo.
Iko kubatanidzwa, kungwara, miniaturization, networking uye digitization yema sensors haisi yakazvimirira, asi inopindirana uye yakabatana, uye hapana muganho wakajeka pakati pavo.
Kudzora Tekinoroji muKuyera uye Kudzora System
Basic Control Theory
1. Classical control theory
Classical control theory inosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu: linear control theory, sampling control theory, uye nonlinear control theory.Classical cybernetics inotora Laplace shanduko uye Z inoshandura semasvomhu maturusi, uye inotora iyo imwe-yekuisa-imwe-inobuda-inobuda mutsetse yakatsiga sisitimu sechinhu chikuru chekutsvagisa.Iyo mutsauko equation inotsanangura sisitimu inoshandurwa kuita yakaoma nhamba domain neLaplace shanduko kana Z shanduko, uye basa rekufambisa rehurongwa rinowanikwa.Uye zvichibva pane basa rekutamisa, nzira yekutsvagisa yetrajectory uye frequency, yakatarisana nekuongorora kugadzikana uye yakatsiga-yemamiriro eiyo mhinduro yekutonga system.
2. Mazuvano Kudzora Theory
Dzidziso yemazuva ano yekutonga idzidziso yekutonga yakavakirwa pamaitiro enzvimbo yenzvimbo, inova chikamu chikuru cheotomatiki yekudzora dzidziso.Muchidzidzo chemazuva ano chekutonga, kuongororwa uye dhizaini yehurongwa hwekutonga kunonyanya kuitwa nekutsanangura mamiriro akasiyana ehurongwa, uye nzira yekutanga ndiyo nzira yenguva.Dzidziso yemazuva ano yekutonga inogona kutarisana nehupamhi hwakawanda hwematambudziko ekutonga kupfuura classical control theory, kusanganisira mutsara uye nonlinear masisitimu, akamira uye anosiyana-siyana masisitimu, single-variable masisitimu uye akawanda-inosiyana masisitimu.Iyo nzira uye algorithms yaanotora zvakare akakodzera zvakanyanya kumakomputa edhijitari.Yemazuva ano kutonga theory inopawo mukana wekugadzira nekuvaka akanyatso kudzora masisitimu ane akatarwa maitiro ekuita.
Kudzora System
Iyo yekudzora sisitimu inoumbwa nemidziyo yekudzora (kusanganisira controller, actuators uye sensors) uye zvinhu zvinodzorwa.Chishandiso chekudzora chinogona kunge chiri munhu kana muchina, ndiwo mutsauko uripo pakati pe otomatiki kudzora uye bhuku rekutonga.Kune iyo otomatiki yekudzora sisitimu, zvinoenderana neakasiyana ekutonga masisitimu, inogona kukamurwa kuita yakavhurika-loop control system uye yakavharwa-loop control system;zvinoenderana nechikamu chezviratidzo zvakapihwa, inogona kukamurwa kuita inogara ichikosha control system, yekutevera-up control system uye chirongwa chekudzora system.
Virtual chiridzwa tekinoroji
Chiyero chekuyeresa chikamu chakakosha chekuyera uye kutonga system, iyo yakakamurwa kuva mhando mbiri: yakazvimirira chiridzwa uye chaiyo chiridzwa.
Iyo yakazvimirira chiridzwa inounganidza, inogadzira, uye inoburitsa chiratidzo chechiridzwa mune yakazvimirira chassis, ine operation panel uye akasiyana madoko, uye mabasa ese aripo muchimiro chehardware kana firmware, iyo inosarudza kuti chiridzwa chakazvimirira chinogona kungotsanangurwa ne mugadziri., rezinesi, iyo mushandisi asingakwanisi kuchinja.
Iyo chaiyo chiridzwa inopedzisa kuongororwa uye kugadzirisa kwechiratidzo, kutaura uye kubuda kwemhedzisiro pakombuta, kana kuisa kadhi rekutora data pakombuta, uye inobvisa zvikamu zvitatu zvechiridzwa pakombuta, icho chinopaza nepakati pechinyakare. zviridzwa.limitation.
Unyanzvi Zvimiro zveVirtual Instruments
1. Mabasa ane simba, kubatanidza iyo ine simba hardware tsigiro yemakomputa, kutyora miganhu yezviridzwa zvechinyakare mukugadzirisa, kuratidza uye kuchengetedza.Iyo yakajairwa gadziriso ndeye: yepamusoro-inoshanda processor, yakakwirira-resolution kuratidza, yakakura-inotakura hard disk.
2. Zviwanikwa zvemacomputer software zvinoona kufambiswa kwesoftware kweimwe michina yemuchina, chengetedza zviwanikwa, uye inosimudzira kuchinjika kwehurongwa;kuburikidza neakaenzana manhamba algorithms, kuongororwa kwakasiyana uye kugadzirisa kwedata rekuyedza kunogona kuitwa zvakananga munguva chaiyo;kuburikidza neGUI (graphical user interface) interface) tekinoroji yekunyatsoita hushamwari uye kupindirana kwevanhu-kombuta.
3. Zvichipa bhazi rekombuta uye modular chiridzwa bhazi, chiridzwa chemidziyo chinoiswa modularized uye serialized, iyo inoderedza zvakanyanya saizi yehurongwa uye inofambisa kuvakwa kwezviridzwa zvemodular.
Kuumbwa kwe virtual instrument system
Virtual chiridzwa chine Hardware zvishandiso uye interfaces, mudziyo mutyairi software uye chaiyo chiridzwa pani.Pakati pazvo, zvishandiso zvemahara uye mainterface anogona kuve akasiyana-siyana ePC-akavakirwa-akavakirwa-mukati ebasa makadhi, universal interface bhazi interface makadhi, serial ports, VXI bhazi chiridzwa chinopindirana, nezvimwe, kana zvimwe zvakasiyana programmable zvekunze bvunzo michina, Iyo mudziyo mutyairi software ndeye chirongwa chemutyairi chinodzora zvakananga zvakasiyana-siyana zvemahara.Iyo chaiyo chiridzwa chinotaurirana nechaiyo chiridzwa sisitimu kuburikidza neiyo iri pasi pechishandiso chityairi software, uye inoratidza inoenderana mashandiro ezvinhu zveiyo chaiyo chiridzwa panel pane komputa chidzitiro muchimiro chedhizaini chiridzwa.Various controls.Mushandisi anoshandisa pani yechinhu chaicho chine mbeva sechaiyo uye chiri nyore sekushandisa chiridzwa chaicho.
Iyo yekuyera uye kutonga tekinoroji uye chiridzwa chikuru ndeyechinyakare uye izere nebudiriro tarisiro.Inonzi ndeyechinyakare nekuti ine mavambo ekare, yakasangana nemazana emakore ebudiriro, uye yakaita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira magariro.Sechinyakare chikuru, chinosanganisira dzidziso dzakawanda panguva imwe chete, izvo zvinoita kuti irambe iine simba rakasimba.
Nekumwe kusimudzirwa kwechizvinozvino kuyerwa nekudzora tekinoroji, tekinoroji yeruzivo rwemagetsi uye tekinoroji yekombuta, yaunza mukana mutsva wekuvandudza nekusimudzira, izvo zvinozoburitsa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kukosha maapplication munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-21-2022